Reportaje de Diario Constitucional .cl

La Corte de Valparaíso desestimó el recurso de protección interpuesto por vecinos de la comuna de Putaendo en contra de la Compañía Minera Vizcachitas, el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia, el Ministerio de Economía y el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación, por haber calificado favorable la declaración de impacto ambiental del proyecto “Sondajes Mineros de Prefactibilidad Las Tejas.”
Los actores cuestionaron que la resolución impugnada aprobó la realización de un programa de sondajes en la comuna de Putaendo durante cuatro años (2021 al 2025), con la finalidad de profundizar el nivel de certeza del recurso mineral, minimizar las incertidumbres geológicas y obtener información básica para confeccionar los modelos geológicos de litología, alteración y distribución de mineralización metálica, lo que no sólo afectará los glaciares rocosos ubicados en el sector de Las Lunas que provee de agua en tiempos de escasez a la comuna, sino que también la integridad psíquica de los vecinos al experimentar las molestias y desagrados vitales que va generar la obra, ya que van alterar el entorno en el que viven.
Del mismo modo, advierten que se verá perturbado el libre desarrollo de actividades religiosas convencionales y no convencionales por el tránsito de camiones y la duración de la obra, amenazando a su vez las actividades económicas de las familias de los sectores en los que se desarrolle este tipo de actividades culturales reconocidas en el sistema de información para la gestión de patrimonio cultural inmaterial.
Por ello solicitaron que se deje sin efecto la resolución que califica favorable al proyecto y se ordene a la compañía minera abstenerse de ejecutarlo.
La Compañía Minera informó que “(…) a diferencia de lo que señalan los recurrentes, no es un proyecto de explotación minera, sino que, únicamente, de levantamiento de información y, dependiendo de los resultados que se obtengan, se evaluará tanto técnica, como comercial y ambientalmente, el desarrollo posterior de un proyecto de explotación.”
Por lo demás, “(…) esta acción tampoco es la vía idónea para discutir las supuestas ilegalidades denunciadas, que deben ventilarse ante los tribunales ambientales, como señala la Ley 20.600.”


El Ministerio de Ciencias informó que “(…) no tiene potestades legales relacionadas con la evaluación, aprobación, suspensión o pronunciamiento de cualquier tipo sobre el desarrollo de proyectos mineros.”
Por su parte, el Ministerio de Economía informó que “(…) por decreto supremo exento de 28 de julio de 2021, declaró como zona de interés turístico al polígono de la Comuna de Putaendo que ahí se indica. El decreto fue publicado en el Diario Oficial con fecha 2 de agosto de 2021, es decir, con posterioridad a la presentación del recurso de protección.”
Explica que “(…) la declaración de un polígono como “Zona de Interés Turístico” es de carácter económico y de fomento, con un enfoque sustentable que tiene por objeto promover el desarrollo turístico del territorio para focalizar las inversiones del sector público y/o promover las inversiones del sector privado, pero no debe entenderse como una herramienta de protección medioambiental en sí misma, ya que dicha protección y las herramientas para hacerla exigible, están dadas por la institucionalidad vigente contenidas en la ley N°19.300 y el Decreto Supremo N°40, del 2012, del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente.”
El Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia informó que “(…) este tipo de reclamaciones está dentro del ámbito de competencia del Tribunal Ambiental, ya que el recurso de protección no incide directamente en el derecho a vivir en un medio ambiente libre de contaminación, sino que en una reclamación respecto de una resolución administrativa de aprobación de una Declaración de Impacto Ambiental.”
También evacuó informe el Servicio de Evaluación Ambiental, que aclaró que “(…) el Sistema de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, corresponde a un instrumento de gestión ambiental de carácter preventivo, que tiene por finalidad describir, examinar y valorar los impactos ambientales que se ocasionarán por un determinado proyecto o actividad, de forma previa a su ejecución.”
Por último, el Segundo Tribunal Ambiental informó que con ocasión de dos reclamaciones falladas el Servicio de Evaluación Ambiental deberá resolver fundadamente las reclamaciones pendientes y que actualmente se encuentran cinco causas en tramitación.
La Corte de Valparaíso rechazó la acción de protección. Razona que, “(…) la materia planteada en el recurso de protección ya está sometida al imperio del Derecho.”
En ese orden de razonamiento, refiere que “(…) se debe recordar que la Corte Suprema ha sostenido que “la creación de los Tribunales Ambientales ha sido la respuesta concreta a la garantía de tutela judicial efectiva en materia ambiental, postulado que inclina al interprete al reconocimiento del derecho a la acción también en esta rama del ordenamiento jurídico.”
El fallo agrega que, “(…) de acuerdo con el profesor Eduardo Soto Kloss: “la idea de perturbación indica o da a entender, un trastorno del orden y concierto de las cosas, o bien un trastorno de su quietud o sosiego, la alteración de una situación pacífica, tranquila y cuyo goce satisface”, y que “(…) no se advierte que el proyecto de sondajes tenga la aptitud para provocar el trastorno o alteración de la situación preexistente en el ejercicio de los derechos de los recurrentes a su integridad psíquica, libertad de conciencia y derecho a desarrollar una actividad económica turística, que constituían perturbación de los mismos.”
Añade la sentencia que “(…) si bien el recurso acusa la existencia de perturbación, queda de manifiesto que se refiere a una de carácter potencial, como resulta de su aseveración en orden a que “la explotación minera perturba y amenaza” garantías constitucionales, aludiendo a una fase del desarrollo de un proyecto minero, cual es la explotación, que no es aquella en que se encuentra, de acuerdo al propio proyecto de sondajes de prefactibilidad que cuestiona. Lo corrobora su propia afirmación en el sentido de que se “generará una perturbación a los recurrentes por la alteración del entorno en que viven”.
En ese sentido, refiere que “(…) no es una amenaza cierta, es decir, verdadera e indubitable, que se haya constatado debidamente; no es actual, porque no es coetánea al momento de deducirse el recurso; no es precisa, toda vez que ha sido formulada en términos tan amplios que abarca una gran cantidad de actividades diversas que se resume indicado que se “está sacrificando el entorno personal”; no es concreta, por la indeterminación de sus efectos, ni resulta razonable, porque ese disímil conjunto de elementos que la conformaría no permite llegar a la conclusión de que se verían afectados los derechos constitucionales de los recurrentes a su integridad psíquica, su libertad de conciencia y su derecho a desarrollar una actividad económica turística.”
En base a esas consideraciones, la Corte rechazó el recurso de protección.
Vea sentencia Corte de Valparaíso Rol N°31.533-2021.



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