Jilberto Zamora, profesor asociado del Departamento de Ciencias Físicas UNAB

El medio nacional La Tercera, emitió un extenso reportaje donde por primera vez la Universidad Andrés Bello (UNAB) liderará el nuevo Instituto Milenio de Física Subatómica en la Frontera de Altas Energías (SAPHIR), centro que se dedicará a explorar los límites de la física de partículas por los próximos 10 años, luego de adjudicarse la Iniciativa Milenio y donde forma parte activa el destacado Profesor Putaendino Jilberto Zamora. hijo de una querida familia del sector de calle Juan Rozas.
“Reportaje latercera.com”
Los nuevos límites de la física de partículas y su impacto para Chile
El Instituto Milenio de Física Subatómica en la Frontera de Altas Energías explorará los límites de la física de partículas por los próximos 10 años. Fabricación de piezas de alta tecnología para el Gran Colisionador del CERN es el objetivo principal. Pero en el camino desarrollarán investigaciones que revolucionarán a la minería, el monitoreo de volcanes o la detección y tratamiento del cáncer. Acá, los físicos a cargo del proyecto muestran la potencia de sus alcances.
Hablar de altas energías, partículas elementales y del Gran Colisionador de Hadrones del CERN puede convertirse rápidamente en un dolor de cabeza para cualquier ciudadano de a pie. Pero cuando logramos entender las implicancias de estas investigaciones y ciencia de última frontera en importantes sectores productivos y en nuestra vida cotidiana, el asunto toma otro camino.
Por primera vez la Universidad Andrés Bello (UNAB) liderará el nuevo Instituto Milenio de Física Subatómica en la Frontera de Altas Energías (SAPHIR), centro que se dedicará a explorar los límites de la física de partículas por los próximos 10 años, luego de adjudicarse la Iniciativa Milenio.
La Secretaría Ejecutiva de Milenio es la encargada de la gerencia del programa: gestiona concursos regulares desde 1999, articula a los Centros Milenio con el sector público, educacional, regional y privado; apoya las comunicaciones; conecta centros entre sí y facilita la gestión general de los Núcleos e Institutos Milenio. Milenio es un programa de la Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID), perteneciente al Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación de Chile, y su directora ejecutiva, Nicole Ehrenfeld, lo explica: “Distintas iniciativas nacionales asociadas a CERN se reúnen en el Instituto Milenio de Física Subatómica en la Frontera de Altas Energías, y esto es relevante, ya que nos posicionará con mayor fuerza en el estudio de la física subatómica de vanguardia a nivel mundial”, además de crear capacidades nacionales para el desarrollo y aplicación de tecnologías.
“Hay que ser muy objetivos: los suizos no nos necesitan, ellos ya están desarrollados y van a construir sus tecnologías con o sin nosotros. En cambio, desde Chile, sí los necesitamos para aprender, construir y poner en práctica nuestras ideas”, apunta Jilberto Zamora, profesor asociado del Departamento de Ciencias Físicas UNAB y que trabaja bajo las órdenes del doctor Sergey Kuleshov, junto a otros profesionales, para iniciar el funcionamiento del Instituto SAPHIR. Postularon en marzo de 2020 a los fondos Milenio, pasaron varias etapas hasta una entrevista con investigadores extranjeros, que les dieron el “vamos” técnico a la propuesta en diciembre pasado.
Científicos, ingenieros y técnicos del instituto liderado por UNAB ya trabajan en el diseño y producción de nuevos módulos electrónicos para ATLAS, el mayor detector de partículas elementales del mundo, que tiene alrededor de 150 millones de sensores con su correspondiente electrónica, explica el profesor Kuleshov, quien agrega que una parte importante de ese trabajo, que se realiza con las otras universidades que participan de la iniciativa, se realizará en el Campus Casona de la UNAB.
Según explica, toda la electrónica será producida con el apoyo financiero del Instituto durante los próximos tres años y entregada e instalada en el Detector ATLAS. “La electrónica diseñada se basa en un moderno sistema en chip (XILINX Zynq-7000 SoC) con una memoria analógica muy rápida que puede recordar una señal de unos 100 nanosegundos con un tiempo de muestreo de aproximadamente un nanosegundo”, apunta Kuleshov. La experiencia acumulada, agrega, dará la posibilidad de diseñar y producir nuevos sistemas electrónicos heterogéneos, que podrían ser utilizados para el control automático industrial en Chile.
Hasta ahora, científicos, ingenieros y técnicos de las tres universidades involucradas en el proyecto (junto a la Andrés Bello están la Universidad Católica y Federico Santa María) han producido el 15% de los detectores de muones para el nuevo espectrómetro de muones de ATLAS y continuarán trabajando en la instalación de detectores este año y el próximo. Algunos estudiantes de esas casas de estudio, además, están involucrados y recibiendo entrenamiento, lo que marca otro plus para el proyecto.
Las altas energías
Aunque puede sonar incluso a ciencia ficción, lo que se hace en el CERN, y en lo que están aportando los científicos chilenos, se puede entender de manera más simple. Las altas energías se necesitan para explorar partículas. “Imagina dos autos. Si los haces chocar despacio, uno ve algunas latas soltarse, pero si los haces colisionar de frente, a 200 km/hr., salta de todo. Si se piensa así, con altas energías rompes la estructura de las partículas y puedes entender de qué están hechas”, sintetiza Jilberto Zamora, desde UNAB. Para ellos, uno de los desafíos del centro será ampliar el clúster computacional con el que cuentan: la universidad ha invertido recursos en el laboratorio y ahora, con los recursos de SAPHIR, pretenden agrandar el clúster de computadores. Hoy tienen alrededor 250 procesadores y quieren llegar a mil.
Con los equipos del CERN, cuenta el doctor Sergey Kuleshov, están trabajando en tecnologías de computación incluyendo machine learning, inteligencia artificial y big data. “Trabajaremos en el llamado nodo de computación homogéneo, un sistema de computación auto-ajustado a nivel de estructura de hardware y podría ejecutar un programa de computación con el mínimo de disipación de energía”. Los expertos en computación -prosigue- lo consideran como un elemento principal de los futuros supercomputadores. “Podría ser una nueva industria de Chile”, sintetiza.
Dentro de los desarrollos, un equipo de ingenieros mecánicos trabaja en una mesa de movimiento de detectores de 10 toneladas, para la prueba de detectores en el CERN: la mesa moverá detectores muy pesados con una precisión de posición 3D mejor que 1 mm y está siendo diseñada y será producida y probada en Chile y luego transportada al CERN.
Más allá de la colaboración con una de las iniciativas científicas más poderosas de la historia, el trabajo en física de partículas y las altas energías dejará frutos para varios sectores productivos nacionales. Según relata Kuleshov, los científicos del CERN les pidieron considerar la posibilidad de producir materiales de blindaje contra la radiación en Chile, por la existencia de boro y litio en el país: “Nuestro equipo podría apoyar a diferentes equipos de física aplicada que trabajan en física médica, física ambiental y geofísica”.

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